Cartridge device for a measuring system for measuring viscoelastic characteristics of a sample liquid, a corresponding measuring system, and a corresponding method

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to a cartridge device for a measuring system for measuring viscoelastic characteristics of a sample liquid, in particular a blood sample, comprising a cartridge body having at least one measurement cavity formed therein and having at least one probe element arranged in said at least one measurement cavity for performing a test on said sample liquid; and a cover being attachable on said cartridge body; wherein said cover covers at least partially said at least one measurement cavity and forms a retaining element for retaining said probe element in a predetermined position within said at least one measurement cavity. The invention is directed to a measurement system and a method for measuring viscoelastic characteristics of a sample liquid.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application and claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/393,036, filed Aug. 3, 2021, which is a continuation application, and claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/520,006, filed Jul. 23, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,131,680, issued on Sep. 28, 2021, which is a continuation application and claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/146,333, filed Sep. 28, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,746,750, issued on Aug. 18, 2020, which is a continuation and claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/869,782, filed Jan. 12, 2018, which is a continuation application and claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/357,492, filed Nov. 21, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,915,671, issued on Mar. 13, 2018, which is a continuation application and claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/066,605, filed Mar. 10, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,739,789, issued on Aug. 22, 2017, which is a continuation application and claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/895,034, filed on May 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,285,377, issued on Mar. 15, 2016, which is a continuation application of and claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/640,376, filed on Dec. 17, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,448,499 issued on May 28, 2013, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/140,344 filed on Dec. 23, 2008. This application is related to the U.S. application Ser. No. 13/895,053 filed on May 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,086,423, issued on Jul. 21, 2015, to the U.S. application Ser. No. 13/895,002, filed on May 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,857,244 issued on Oct. 14, 2014, and to U.S. application Ser. No. 13/894,998, filed on May 15, 2013, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,110,084 issued on Aug. 18, 2015, which are continuation applications of and claim the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/640,376, filed on Dec. 17, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,448,499 issued on May 28, 2013, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/140,344 filed on Dec. 23, 2008. The entire contents of each of the above patents and applications are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a cartridge device for a measuring system for measuring viscoelastic characteristics of a sample liquid, in particular of a blood sample liquid. The present invention also relates to a corresponding measuring system and method.

It is essential for survival that a wound stops bleeding, i.e. that the body possesses an adequate mechanism for haemostasis. The process of blood clotting can be activated in the case of injuries or inflammations by either extrinsic or intrinsic factors, e.g. tissue factor (TF) or Hagemann factor (F XII), respectively. Both activation channels are continued in a common branch of the cascade resulting in thrombin formation. The thrombin itself finally initiates the formation of fibrin fibres which represent the protein backbone of blood clots.

The other main constituent of the final blood clot are the thrombocytes which are interconnected by the fibrin fibres and undergo a number of physiological changes during the process of coagulation. Within limits a lack of thrombocytes can be substituted by an increased amount of fibrin or vice versa. This is reflected in the observation that the thrombocyte counts as well as the fibrinogen concentration varies even within a healthy population.

Various methods have been introduced to assess the potential of blood to form an adequate clot and to determine the blood clots stability. Common laboratory tests such as thrombocyte counts or the determination of fibrin concentration provide information on whether the tested component is available in sufficient amount but lack in answering the question whether the tested component works property under physiological conditions (e.g. the polymerisation activity of fibrinogen under physiological conditions can not be assessed by common optical methods). Besides that, most laboratory tests work on blood-plasma and therefore require an additional step for preparation and additional time which is unfavourable especially under POC (point of care) conditions.

Another group of tests which overcomes these problems is summarized by the term “viscoelastic methods”. The common feature of these methods is that the blood clot firmness (or other parameters dependent thereon) is continuously determined, from the formation of the first fibrin fibres until the dissolution of the blood clot by fibrinolysis. Blood clot firmness is a functional parameter, which is important for haemostasis in vivo, as a clot must resist blood pressure and shear stress at the site of vascular injury. Clot firmness results from multiple interlinked processes: coagulation activation, thrombin formation, fibrin formation and polymerization, platelet activation and fibrin-platelet interaction and can be compromised by fibrinolysis. Thus, by the use of viscoelastic monitoring all these mechanisms of the coagulation system can be assessed.

A common feature of all these methods used for coagulation diagnosis is that the blood clot is placed in the space between a cylindrical pin and an axially symmetric cup and the ability of the blood clot to couple those two bodies is determined.

The first viscoelastometric method was called “thrombelastography” (Hartert H: Blutgerinnungsstudien mit der Thrombelastographie, einem neuen Untersuchungsverfahren. Klin Wochenschrift 26:577-583, 1948). As illustrated in FIG. 1 , in the thromboelastography, the sample as a sample liquid 1 is placed in a cup 2 that is periodically rotated to the left and to the right by about 5, respectively. A probe pin 3 is freely suspended by a torsion wire 4. When a clot is formed it starts to transfer the movement of the cup 2 to the probe pin 3 against the reverse momentum of the torsion wire 4. The movement of the probe pin 3 as a measure for the clot firmness is continuously recorded and plotted against time. For historical reasons the firmness is measured in millimetres.

The result of a typical measurement of this kind is illustrated in FIG. 2 . One of the most important parameters is the time between the activator induced start of the coagulation cascade and the time until the first long fibrin fibres have been build up which is indicated by the firmness signal exceeding a defined value. This parameter will be called clotting time or just CT in the following. Another important parameter is the clot formation time (CFT) which gives a measure for the velocity of the development of a clot. The CFT is defined as the time it takes for the clot firmness to increase from 2 to 20 mm. The maximum firmness a clot reaches during a measurement, further on referred to as maximum clot firmness or just MCF, is also of great diagnostic importance.

Modifications of the original thromboelastography technique (Hartert et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 3,714,815) have been described by Cavallari et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,193,293), by Do et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,148,216), by Cohen (U.S. Pat. No. 6,537,819). A further modification by Calatzis et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,215) illustrated in FIG. 3 is known under the term thromboelastometry.

Contrary to the modifications mentioned above, thromboelastometry is based on a cup 2 fixed in a cup holder 12 while the probe pin 3 is actively rotated. For this purpose the probe pin 3 is attached to a shaft 6 which is suspended by a ball bearing 7 in a base plate 11 and has a spring 9 connected to it. An oscillating motion perpendicular to the drawing plane induced at the opposite end of the spring is transformed into a periodically rotation of the shaft 6 and the connected cup 2 around a rotation axis 5 by about 5° In each direction. As the sample liquid 1 begins to coagulate the motion amplitude of the shaft 6 which is detected by the deflection of a light beam from detecting means 10 and a mirror 9 starts to decrease.

During coagulation the fibrin backbone creates a mechanical elastic linkage between the surfaces of the blood-containing cup 2 and a probe pin 3 plunged therein. A proceeding coagulation process induced by adding one or more activating factor(s) can thus be observed. In this way, various deficiencies of a patient's haemostatic status can be revealed and can be interpreted for proper medical intervention.

A general advantage of viscoelastometric, e.g. thromboelastometric, techniques compared to other laboratory methods in this field therefore is that the coagulation process and the change of mechanical properties of the sample are monitored as a whole. This means that—in contrary to other laboratory methods mentioned above—thromboelastometry does not only indicate if all components of the coagulation pathways are available in sufficient amounts but also if each component works properly.

To obtain detailed information on the correct amount and function of the thrombocytes as well as the fibrinogen and certain factors nowadays there is an increasing amount of compounds available which activate or inhibit certain components of the coagulation system. This allows determining at which point of the coagulation system a problem is located.

For practical reasons theses compounds are usually injected into the disposable plastic cup which later on is used for the measurement by using a pipette (either a manual or an automatic one). In the last preparation step, after the blood or plasma sample has been added, the whole amount of sample (blood/plasma and the additional chemicals) is mixed by drawing it into the pipette tip and dispensing it into the cup again.

The possibility to activate or to inhibit certain components of the coagulation system is especially useful in conjunction with state-of-the-art thromboelastometers such as the ROTEM (Pentapharm GmbH, Munich, Germany) which allows conducting four measurements in parallel. This allows detailed information on the current status of the coagulation-situation of a patient to be achieved and therefore allows an appropriate therapy within several minutes.

This is of particular importance in case of patients struck by massive blood loss as it often occurs in context with multiple traumata or major surgery. The blood of such patients often is diluted due to infusions which are administered to replace the loss in volume. This leads to a decrease of the concentration of thrombocytes as well as coagulation factors including fibrinogen.

Main advantages of thromboelastometry and thromboelastography are the possibility to perform several differential tests in parallel in order to precisely determine which kinds of blood products are the appropriate medication, the possibility to perform the measurement at or close to the point of care (POC) and—compared to other methods—the relatively small amount of time until valid results are available.

On the other hand the operator has to perform a significant number of steps in order to start the measurement (preparation of the reagents, attachment of the probe pin and the cup to the instrument, pipetting and mixing the blood sample and the reagents, adjustment of computer settings, etc.) on which the time spent is considerable, especially in the case of surgery being performed.

Furthermore this rather complex preparation also increases the risk of operating errors. There have been several approaches to simplify the usage of thromboelastometers. The Rotem-System (Pentapharm GmbH, Munich, Germany) e.g. is supplied with an automatic pipette which simplifies the handling to a large degree and thereby decreases the risk of operating errors.

WO 2008093216 describes the approach to provide the adequate amount of each of the reagents needed for one specific test in a ready-to-use mixture. In order to prevent the reaction of the reagents prior to the measurement, they are supplied in a lyophilisate state. This is additionally advantageous as the reagents can be stored at room temperature. Using this approach the preparation is reduced to the steps of adding the blood sample into the reagent container, mixing of blood with the reagent and transferring the mixture to the instrument.

US 2007/0059840 A1 describes a hemostasis analysis device and method. The device includes a container for holding a sample to be tested and a bobber configured to be buoyantly suspended on the sample. A magnet is secured to the bobber. The container can be driven in an oscillating motion. An external magnetic field is generated adjacent to the bobber. A magnetic field strength detector detects changes in the magnetic field as a result of movement of the bobber and magnet responsive to the oscillating motion of the container and clotting of the sample.

Such a new measuring system entails acceptability problems and uncertainties for a user. Moreover, that analysis device does not fit in existing measuring systems. Therefore new systems have to be completely designed.

All these modifications lead to a significant improvement of handling of modern thromboelastometers and thromboelastographs, however, no successful approach to develop a widely automated technique has been made since Hartert's invention 60 years ago. One of the two main reasons of that is the fact that the measurement requires two disposable parts (cup and pin) being moved in relation to each other and thus have to be reversibly attached to different parts of the measurement device. E.g. In FIG. 3 , the probe pin 3 is attached to the shaft 6 and the cup 2 to the cup holder 12, respectively. The other main reason is that different tests are required to get comprehensive information of a current bleeding status of a patient. These different tests require different reagents which have to be mixed with the blood sample.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is a problem underlying the presented invention to provide a cartridge device for a measuring system for measuring viscoelastic characteristics of a sample liquid, in particular a blood sample.

Directly connected to this invention is the problem to provide a corresponding measuring system for measuring viscoelastic characteristics of a sample liquid, in particular the coagulation characteristics of a blood sample liquid.

It is a further problem underlying the invention to provide a method for measuring viscoelastic characteristics of a sample liquid using said measuring system.

These problems are solved by the subject-matter of the independent claims. Preferred embodiments are set forth in the dependent claims.

In a first aspect, the present invention provides a cartridge device for a measuring system for measuring viscoelastic characteristics of a sample liquid, in particular a blood sample, comprising

-   -   a cartridge body having at least one measurement cavity formed         therein and having at least one probe element arranged in said         at least one measurement cavity for performing a test on said         sample liquid; and     -   a cover being attachable on said cartridge body;     -   wherein said cover covers at least partially said at least one         measurement cavity and forms a retaining element for retaining         said probe element in a predetermined position within said at         least one measurement cavity.

In a second aspect, the present invention provides a measuring system for measuring viscoelastic characteristics of a sample liquid, in particular a blood sample, comprising: at least one interface element; at least one shaft rotatably supported by the interface element to be rotated by drive means; at least one cartridge device fixed to the interface element for holding the sample liquid, the at least one cartridge device comprising a cartridge body with a cover and at least one probe element arranged in a measurement cavity formed in said cartridge body for cooperating with the at least one shaft; at least one detecting means cooperating with the shaft for measuring viscoelastic characteristics of the sample liquid; and control means to control the measuring system.

In a third aspect, the present invention provides a method for measuring viscoelastic characteristics of a sample liquid by means of said measuring system, comprising the following steps:

-   -   a) providing the cartridge device having at least one         measurement cavity with at least one probe element arranged         therein;     -   b) attaching the cartridge device to said interface element,         said shaft being inserted into said probe element;     -   c) filing said measurement cavity of said cartridge device with         sample liquid;     -   d) rotating said shaft in an oscillating motion around said         rotation axis; and     -   e) measuring viscoelastic characteristics of said sample liquid         by detecting the rotation of said shaft by said detecting means.

In a preferred embodiment the probe element comprises a probe pin to cooperate with the sample liquid and a connector section for a connection to the measuring system. The connector section is formed e.g. as a bore extending within the probe element and comprises frictional connection means which can be e.g. clip means or a thread. An insertion guide facilitates an insertion of a part, in particular a shaft, of a measuring system. Thereby the shaft can be connected securely to the probe element.

The at least one measurement cavity can comprise bearing or supporting means for the probe element to align or hold the probe element prior to insertion of the shaft. After the shaft has been inserted into the connector section, the shaft can be lifted to position the probe element at a working position.

In an alternative preferred embodiment the probe element is formed as a detachably fixed component part of the cover. An operator only has to attach the cartridge device to the measuring system the shaft being inserted into the probe element will detach the probe element from the cover and hold it securely in a position ready to carry out a measurement. Therefore the probe element comprises a fixing section for detachably fixing the probe element at fixing means of the cover.

After a measurement the cartridge device can be detached from the measuring system wherein the shaft is removed from the probe element. Then the probe element will seal the measurement cavity against the cover by means of e.g. a flange adapted to form a sealing. The cover retains the probe element within the measurement cavity.

It is preferred that the fixing means of the cover comprises clip means cooperating with corresponding dip means of the fixing section of the probe element.

In an alternative embodiment the fixing section of the probe element is integrally formed with the cover, the fixing means of the cover comprising a perforation.

The cover can be fixed on the cartridge body either by bonding or welding. In an alternative embodiment the cover is integrally formed with the cartridge body, e.g. made of a plastic material. It is also possible that the cover is made of a material which is different from the cartridge body. That can be done for example by two- or more-component-moulding.

In a further preferred embodiment the cartridge device further comprises at least one receiving cavity formed therein for receiving the sample liquid; at least one reagent cavity for holding at least one reagent; a ductwork connecting said cavities and the at least one measurement cavity; and at least one pump means connected to the ductwork for transporting the sample liquid from the at least one receiving cavity to the at least one measurement cavity by means of the ductwork, wherein the cover covers and at least partially forms said cavities and said ductwork and forms at least partially the pump means.

In a further embodiment the at least one reagent cavity is integrally formed with the pump means or/and with the at least one measurement cavity or/and with one or more of the ductworks. The reagent cavity can be formed as a deep cavity or just a small place where reagent can be deposited. Thus the sample liquid being pumped through the ductwork and the pump means into the measurement cavity can be mixed with the reagent.

The pump means comprise at least one valve for a directed flow of the sample liquid in order to direct the pumped liquid into the measurement cavity.

In another embodiment the reagent or an additional reagent can be stored in at least one reagent receptacle which can be opened by external means.

In a further embodiment the at least one reagent receptacle storing a reagent is integrated in the cover.

In another embodiment the at least one reagent receptacle comprises a bottom part which can be opened by external means to discharge the reagent into the ductwork and/or into one of the cavities. The receptacle can be adapted as a blister receptacle, for example.

The at least one reagent can be stored within the cartridge device in pulverized, solid or liquid form.

The cartridge device can be further provided with at least one reagent stored therein.

Filling in sample liquid can be done directly into the measurement cavity if no receiving cavity is provided. To this end the sample liquid can be injected through the cover via an opening or passage hole in the interface element or through a ductwork by an operator or by a control apparatus.

In case of a receiving cavity the sample liquid can be filled into the receiving cavity and be pumped by the pump means to the measuring cavity.

To fill in sample liquid, operate the pump means, add reagents and/or open the reagent receptacle the measuring system is equipped with a control apparatus. The control apparatus has means to access the pump means through a pump access formed as a passage of the interface element. Further the control apparatus can inject sample liquid through an inlet opening in the interface element into the receiving cavity. The control apparatus comprises also operating means to inject or to add reagents into the cartridge device as well as to open reagent receptacles.

Further features and advantages of the present invention will be evident from a description of embodiments with reference to the figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The figures are showing the following:

FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of the principle of thromboelastography according to Hartert.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary diagram showing a typical thromboelastometric measurement.

FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of the thromboelastometry.

FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing of a first embodiment of a cartridge device according to the invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic drawing of a variation of the first embodiment of the cartridge device according to the invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing of another variation of the first embodiment of the cartridge device according to the invention.

FIG. 7 a is a schematic drawing of a first embodiment of a probe element.

FIG. 7 b is a schematic drawing of the first embodiment of the probe element of FIG. 7 a within a measuring cavity of the first or a second embodiment of the cartridge device according to the invention before use.

FIG. 7 c is a schematic drawing of the first embodiment of the probe element of FIG. 7 a within a measuring cavity of the first or the second embodiment of the cartridge device according to the invention in use.

FIG. 8 a . . . c are technical drawings of the preferred probe element of FIG. 7 a.

FIG. 9 a is a side view of a third embodiment of a cartridge device according to the invention.

FIG. 9 b is a sectional view B-B of the cartridge device of FIG. 9 a.

FIG. 9 c is a sectional view C-C of the cartridge device of FIG. 9 a.

FIG. 9 d is a sectional view D-D of the cartridge device of FIG. 9 a.

FIG. 10 a is a top view of the cartridge device of FIG. 9 a.

FIG. 10 b is a sectional view E-E of the cartridge device of FIG. 10 a.

FIG. 11 a is a sectional view of a pump means of the cartridge device of FIG. 9 a.

FIG. 11 b is a sectional view of the pump means of FIG. 11 a in operated position.

FIG. 12 is a schematic top view of the pump means of FIG. 11 a.

FIG. 13 a is a side view of an embodiment of a measuring system according to the invention.

FIG. 13 b is a top view of the measuring system of FIG. 13 a.

FIG. 13 c is a sectional view H-H of the measuring system of FIG. 13 b.

FIG. 14 is a sectional view of a reagent receptacle of a third embodiment of the cartridge device according to the invention.

FIG. 15 is a schematic drawing of a second embodiment of the probe element.

FIG. 16 shows components of a cartridge having four arrangements of the type shown in FIG. 4 .

FIG. 17 shows components of a cartridge having four arrangements of the type shown in FIG. 5 .

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Parts and components having same functions are depicted with same references.

Prior to a detailed description of the preferred embodiments the basic features and a basic practical implementation are summoned as follows. All embodiments refer to a cartridge device 50 (see FIG. 13 c ) which can be formed in a first embodiment (see FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 ), in a second embodiment (see FIGS. 7 b, 7 c and 15) or in a third embodiment (see FIGS. 9 to 10 ). The cartridge device 50 contains all parts coming into contact with a sample liquid 1 to be tested. These can be also reagents the sample liquid has to be mixed with for a measurement. The cartridge device 50 is part of a measuring system 40 (see FIG. 13 c ) to which the cartridge device 50 is attached before measurement. The measuring system 40 also comprises a control apparatus (not shown) which has been adapted to interact with the cartridge device 50 by electrical and/or mechanical means to control flow of sample liquid 1 (see FIG. 7 c ) and measurements as well as collect data. Furthermore this apparatus contains mechanical and electronic parts required for measurement, data analysis und user interaction. The present invention is not only suitable for thromboelastometry, thromboeleastography and platelet aggregometry but also for other blood tests usually performed regarding surgery.

A first embodiment of a cartridge device 50 of the invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5 . The cartridge device 50 for the measuring system 40 for measuring medical relevant, e.g. viscoelastic, characteristics like coagulation or platelet function of a sample liquid 1, particularly a blood sample, comprises a receiving cavity 16 for receiving the sample liquid 1, pump means 18 for pumping the sample liquid, a reagent cavity 19 for storing a reagent 21, a measurement cavity 20 for measuring the sample liquid 1 and a ductwork connecting said cavities. The ductwork comprises an inlet duct 13 from the receiving cavity 16 to the pump means 18, an intermediate duct from the pump means 18 to the reagent cavity 19 and an outlet duct 15 from the reagent cavity 19 to the measurement cavity 20. In a variation said cavities and ducts can be arranged in different ways one of which is shown in FIG. 5 , wherein pump means 18 and reagent cavity 19 are changed.

In this embodiment the receiving cavity 16 consists of a cavity within the cartridge device 50. The sample liquid 1 can be applied by means of a syringe, pipette etc, e.g. through a self sealing cap shown as a receiving cavity cover 33 a in FIG. 10 b . By operating the pump means 18, e.g. by means of the control apparatus mentioned above, the sample liquid is transported to the reagent cavity 19, where the reagent 21 required for measurement is mixed with the sample liquid 1. Further pumping the sample liquid 1 will transfer it into the measurement cavity 20 in which the measurement (described below) is carried out.

In an alternative embodiment the reagent cavity 19 is integral formed with the pump means 18 and/or with the measurement cavity 20 and/or with the ductwork. The transport of the sample liquid 1 can be controlled by said control apparatus.

FIG. 6 shows another variation of the first embodiment Two arrangements of FIG. 4 with only one receiving cavity 16 are arranged in parallel, wherein a first inlet duct 13 communicates with a second inlet duct 13′ connected to second pump means 18′. A second intermediate duct 14′ leads to a second reagent cavity 19′ storing a second reagent 21′. A second outlet duct 15′ connects the second reagent cavity 19′ to the second measurement cavity 20′. FIG. 6 shows only one possible variation of a plurality of different arrangements easily imagined. The sample liquid 1 is shared among the arrangements in parallel. Controlled by the external control apparatus the shared portions of the sample liquid 1 are mixed with different reagents 21, 21′ during transport. It is apparent to a person skilled in the art that in order to achieve a maximum benefit for a user different types of tests can be combined in one cartridge device 50.

In a preferred embodiment the cartridge device 50 comprises four arrangements of FIG. 4 or 5 (see FIGS. 16 and 17 , respectively) having 4 measurement cavities 20, 20′. Thus measurements can be done with different reagents on the same liquid sample or with same reagents as well to check plausibility

Regarding e.g. blood coagulation there are different reagents available which activate or suppress different parts of the coagulation cascade. Pentapharm GmbH (Munich, Germany) for example amongst others provide tests for intrinsic and extrinsic activation of a blood sample (INTEM or EXTEM respectively), and also a test for extrinsic activation in which the thrombocyte function is suppressed by administration of cytochalasin D (FIBTEM). It is state of the art that it is possible by wise combination of such tests to be able to determine very precisely at which point within the coagulation cascade a problem occurs. This is of great importance in order to determine a proper medication. By comparison of the results on an EXTEM test of a pathologic sample to those of a FIBTEM test of the same sample it is possible to e.g. precisely determine if a coagulation disorder results from lack of fibrinogen or a malfunction of platelets. Generally, there are different typical medical scenarios in which coagulation disorders are very likely to occur. For example coagulation disorders occurring during liver transplantation are merely caused by lack of certain coagulation factors etc., while coagulation disorders during open heart surgery are most likely due to the influence of heparin. This means basically that different medical settings require different coagulation tests. Referring to FIG. 6 it is possible and worthwhile to provide different cartridge devices 50 for different typical operations. It is also possible to combine e.g. an INTEM, an EXTEM and a FIBTEM coagulation test with a platelet aggregometry test within one cartridge. Using such a cartridge the preparation of a measurement which provides almost overall information about the coagulation status of a patient merely requires the two steps of attaching the cartridge device 50 to the measuring system 40 with the external control apparatus and injecting the blood sample as one sample liquid 1. Considering the significance of more complex and time consuming preparation of several thromboelastography or thromboelastometry tests, it is evident that the invention is of great advantage for easier, safer and more accurate POC-tests.

It is important to note that the cartridge devices 50 of the described embodiments are suitable for different diagnostic tests like thromboelastometry, thromboelastography, platelet aggregometry and others. Depending on which type of test or tests the cartridge device 50 is designed for, there are different additional parts required which interact with the sample during measurement and/or an external control apparatus. Possible adaptations for thromboelastometry and platelet aggregometry are described below.

FIG. 7 a is a schematic drawing of a first embodiment of a probe element 22 arranged in the measurement cavity 20 (see also FIGS. 10 b and 13 c ). FIGS. 7 b and 7 c show a second embodiment of the cartridge device 50 in form of a cartridge body 30 which comprises only the measurement cavity 20. In the shown example this cavity 20 is accessible via a ductwork 15, 15′ through a cavity wall. Alternatively the cavity 20 can be filled through a cover 31, e.g. by injection needles or the like.

The probe element 22 comprises the probe pin 3 (see FIG. 1 ) which is connected to a flange 24 and a fixing section 25 via an intermediate section 23. The probe element 22 is formed as a rotational part and further comprises a connector section 26 formed as a bore extending within the probe element 22 along its longitudinal axis, which is the rotational axis 5 as well (see FIG. 3 ).

The probe element 22 is arranged in the measurement cavity 20 of the cartridge body 30 of the cartridge device 50 as shown in FIG. 7 b . The measurement cavity 20 is covered by the cover 31 (see also FIGS. 10 b and 13 c ). The cover 31 comprises an opening with fixing means 32 above the measurement cavity 20. The probe element 22 is arranged such that its fixing section 25 corresponding to the fixing means 32 engage with them. In this manner the probe element 22 is detachably fixed to the cover 31. The fixing means 32 in this example are equipped with a circular nose corresponding to a circular notch of the fixing section 25 of the probe element 22. Other fixing means e.g. clip means or the like are possible. The flange 24 is in contact to the inner side of the cover 31.

During attaching the cartridge device 50 to the measuring system 40 (see also FIG. 13 c ) the shaft 6 of the measuring system 40 (see FIG. 3 and FIGS. 13 a . . . c) is inserted with its bottom portion, an insert section 6 a, into the connector section 26. By insertion into the connector section 26 of the probe element 22 the probe element 22 will be detached from the cover 31 not before the insert section 6 a is completely inserted in the connector section 26. Then the probe element 22 will be put into in a measuring position as shown in FIG. 7 c and kept there. The insert section 6 a of the shaft 6 is engaged with the connector section 26 of the probe element 22 e.g. by friction, clip means, thread or the like. In case of a thread the probe element 22 will be hold by the engagement with or perforation of the cover 31. The shaft 6 having a corresponding thread on its insert section 6 a will be inserted into the connector section of the probe element 22 by rotation until the insert section 6 a will be completely inserted into the connector section 26. Then the shaft 6 can be pushed down and/or rotated together with the fully engaged probe element 22 until the probe element 22 will be detached from the cover 31. FIG. 7 c shows the sample liquid 1, which has been pumped into the measurement cavity 20. The probe pin 3 of the probe element 22 is immersed in the sample liquid 1. A measurement as described above can be carried out. After the measurement the cartridge device 50 is detached from the measuring system 40, wherein the shaft 6 is drawn up together with the probe element 22 against the cover 31. The insert section 6 a of the shaft 6 will be drawn out of the connector section 26 of the probe element 22 the flange 24 thereof contacting and sealing the opening of the cover 31. Instead of a flange 24 the upper end of the probe element 22 can have a larger diameter than the opening in the cover 31. It is preferred that the insert section 6 a of the shaft 6 and the measurement cavity 20, 20′ are formed symmetrically.

It is also possible to insert the insert section 6 a of the shaft 6 into the connector section 26 of the probe element 22 and push the probe element 22 down until its bottom contacts the bottom of the measurement cavity 20, 20′ ensuring that the insert section 6 a is completely inserted into the connector section 26. Then the shaft 6 will be moved up into the measuring resp. working position of the probe element 22 as shown in FIG. 7 c.

FIGS. 8 a . . . c are technical drawings of a preferred embodiment of the probe element 22 of FIG. 7 a . FIG. 8 a shows a side view and FIG. 8 b shows a top view of the probe element 22 parts of which have been described above regarding FIG. 7 a . Finally, FIG. 8 c illustrates a sectional view along rotational axis 5. The connector section 26 extends over more than about 75% of the length of the probe element 22.

Now a third embodiment of the cartridge device 50 will be described with reference to FIGS. 9 a . . . d and FIGS. 10 a . . . b.

FIG. 9 a is a side view of a second embodiment of a third embodiment of the cartridge device 50 according to the invention. FIG. 9 b is a sectional view B-B of the cartridge device 50 of FIG. 9 a . FIG. 9 c is a sectional view C-C of the cartridge device of FIG. 9 a. FIG. 9 b is a sectional view D-D of the cartridge device of FIG. 9 a . FIG. 10 a is a top view of the cartridge device of FIG. 9 a . FIG. 10 b is a sectional view E-E of the cartridge device of FIG. 10 a.

The cartridge device 50 of this example is equipped with the ductwork 13 and 15. The ducts are formed with an diameter of approximately 1 mm in this embodiment. The ductwork requires that the cartridge device 50 comprises two parts: the cartridge body 30 and the cover 31, which are glued or welded together to obtain a leak-proof device. The cartridge body 30 is relative rigid and the cover 31 is formed as an elastic part. So it is possible to integrate the pump means 18 into the cover 31. Moreover, the cover 31 covers the receiving cavity 16 with the receiving cavity cover 33 a and forms a type of liner wall 33 and a separation wall 34 forming an inlet for the inlet duct 13 within the receiving cavity 16. The receiving cavity cover 33 a might act as a self seal for injection of a sample liquid 1 by a syringe for example. The cover 31 forms top parts of the ductwork 13 an 15 and a cover of the measurement cavity 20 (see also FIGS. 7 b . . . c). In this example the pump means 18 comprises a pump membrane 35 formed by the cover 31. The pump membrane 35 cooperates with a pump cavity 36 formed with a pump cavity bottom 36 a in the cartridge body 30 below the pump membrane 35.

In this embodiment a reagent cavity 19, 19′ Is formed, e.g. by sections of the ductwork or/and the pump means 18, 18′ In which the reagents can be stored resp. deposited, especially on the pump cavity bottom 36 a, for example.

The pump means 18 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 11 a . . . b and FIG. 12 .

FIG. 11 a is a sectional view of the pump means 18, 18′ of the cartridge device 50, FIG. 11 b is a sectional view of the pump means 18 of FIG. 11 a in operated position, and FIG. 12 is a schematic top view of the pump means 18 of FIG. 11 a.

In this example the pump cavity 36 is connected to the inlet duct 13 via an inlet valve 37 and to the outlet valve via an outlet valve 38. Actuation of the pump membrane 35 (shown in FIG. 11 b in a working cycle) by an appropriate actuating means (not shown) of the control apparatus the pump means 18 will create a directed flow of the sample liquid 1 in a flow direction 39 depicted by the arrows. The pump membrane 35 being an integrated part of the cover 31 can be made of the cover material or a part made of another material integrally manufactured with the cover 31, e.g. two components manufacturing. The valves 37, 38 can be a type of non-return valve. FIG. 12 shows a top view of the pump means in a schematic way.

An external force exerted on the pump membrane 35 increase the pressure within the pump cavity 36 and opens outlet valve 38 and closes inlet valve 37. Releasing the external force the elastic pump membrane 35 returns into the position shown in FIG. 11 a whereby outlet valve 38 will be closed and inlet valve 37 opened to let sample liquid 1 into the pump cavity 36. This mechanism is state of the art according to DE10135569. In context with the present invention the actuation means of the control apparatus activating the pump membrane 35 from outside has the advantage of strict separation between those parts coming into contact with the sample liquid 1 and the control apparatus. At the same time the total number of parts required for the cartridge device 50 being a disposable part as well is kept on a minimum.

Now the measuring system 40 according to the invention is described in an embodiment with reference to FIGS. 13 a . . . c.

FIG. 13 a is a side view of an embodiment of the measuring system 40, FIG. 13 b is a top view of the measuring system 40 of FIG. 13 a , and FIG. 13 c is a sectional view H-H of the measuring system 40 of FIG. 13 b.

The measuring system 40 comprises an interface element 41 to which the cartridge device 50 is attached and fixed. The interface element 41 is shown in FIG. 13 a to 13 a in way of example as a base plate. The function of the interface element 41 is to support the shaft 6 and to maintain its position and thus the position of the probe element 22 fixed to the insert section 6 a in a measurement position. The interface element 41 can be connected to the whole cover 31 as shown in FIG. 13 a to 13 c or only to parts of the cover 31, e.g. surrounding the rotation axis 5. The shaft 6 is rotatable supported in a bearing 7 within a shaft passage 44 (FIG. 13 c ) and can be rotated-around the rotation axis 5 (see also FIG. 3 ) by driving the spring 9 via driving means (not shown). The detecting means 10 cooperate with the mirror 8 fixed on the shaft 3, also shown in FIG. 3 . The control apparatus mentioned above is not shown as well, but easy to imagine. Its actuation and/or operating means can access the pump means 18 through an opening pump access 42 in the interface element 41. The receiving cavity 16 is accessible through another inlet opening 43. These and other different passages or passage ways of the interface element 41 to have access to the cartridge device 50 and/or its cover 31 are illustrated by FIG. 13 b as a top view of the measuring system 40 of FIG. 13 a . Passage holes 44 a are arranged next to the rotational axis 5 to form an access to the cover 31 above the measurement cavity 20, 20′, e.g. for injection of liquid sample or reagents. Additional access passage holes can be arranged in the interface element 41, e.g. above the ductwork to access said ductwork.

FIG. 13 c illustrates a sectional view H-H of FIG. 13 b showing the mounted cartridge device 50 and the measuring system 40. The shaft 6 with its insert section 6 a is inserted into the probe element 22 and keeps it in a measurement position as mentioned above. This embodiment comprises only one measurement cavity 20, but it is apparent to a person skilled in the art that modifications and combinations of the invention can be carried out in different ways.

Thus it is possible to e.g. arrange a reagent receptacle 19 b in a blister receptacle e.g. as shown in FIG. 14 which is a sectional view of the reagent receptacle 19 b of a third embodiment of the cartridge device 50 according to the invention. The receptacle 19 b contains reagent 21 hold within a chamber defined by a blister cover 49, a bottom part 48 and a frame 47 hold in a retaining ring 46 within an reagent cover opening 45 in the cover 31 above the reagent cavity 19, 19′ with a reagent cavity bottom 19 a, 19 a′. Upon exertion of a force by the control apparatus onto the blister cover 49 the bottom part 48 will open and discharge the reagent 21 into the reagent cavity 19, 19′. The receptacle 19 b can be fixed to the cover by e.g. dip means as depicted. The frame 47 can be a reinforced ring. The blister cover 49 is reinforced so that it will not break when a force is exerted on it. Thus the leak-tightness of the cartridge device 50 will be ensured. In this way a unitized construction system can be made, wherein the respective reagents can be easily integrated into the cartridge device 50. It is also advantageous that the reagents can be designed as a small component being cooled resp. transported and supplied easily.

It is also possible to insert reagent receptacles into provided cavities being connected to the ductwork. The reagents can be designed as globules with an appropriate diameter so that they cannot flow through openings into the ductwork before being dissolved by the sample liquid.

FIG. 15 is a schematic drawing of a second embodiment of a probe element 22′. The probe element 22′ is arranged in the measurement cavity 20. The probe pin 3 is provided with a dimple 29 at its bottom side. The dimple 29 forms with a nose 29 a a toe bearing to support the probe element 22′. The probe element 22′ is similar to the probe element 22 of FIG. 7 a , but has no fixing section 25, only the flange 24. The connector section 26 comprises a top end formed with an insertion guide 27 for the insertion section 6 a of the shaft. The probe element 22′ is hold in the measurement cavity 20 in a specific manner so that the insertion section 6 a of the shaft 6 can be inserted easily through an opening 32 a of the cover 31 which has no fixing means.

The insertion section Ba can engage with a groove 28 inside the connector section 26 of the probe element 22′. After that engagement which is supported by the toe bearing the shaft 6 will be drawn up together with the probe element 22′ in the measuring position. It is a matter of fact that other engagement means can be used.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS

-   -   1 Sample liquid     -   2 Cup     -   3 Probe pin     -   4 Torsion wire     -   5 Rotation axis     -   6 Shaft     -   6 a Insert section     -   7 Bearing     -   8 Mirror     -   9 Spring     -   10 Detecting means     -   11 Base plate     -   12 Cup holder     -   13, 13′ Inlet duct     -   14, 14′ Intermediate duct     -   15, 15′ Outlet duct     -   16, 16′ Receiving cavity     -   17 Branch duct     -   18, 18′ Pump means     -   19, 19′ Reagent cavity     -   19 a, 19′a Reagent cavity bottom     -   19 b Reagent receptacle     -   20, 20′ Measurement cavity     -   21, 21′ Reagent     -   22, 22′ Probe element     -   23 Intermediate section     -   24 Flange     -   25 Fixing section     -   26 Connector section     -   27 Insertion guide     -   28 Groove     -   29 Dimple     -   29 a Nose     -   30 Cartridge body     -   31 Cover     -   32 Fixing means     -   32 a Opening     -   33 Wall     -   33 a Receiving cavity cover     -   34 Separation wall     -   35 Pump membrane     -   36 Pump cavity     -   36 a Pump cavity bottom     -   37 Inlet valve     -   38 Outlet valve     -   39 Flow direction     -   40 Measuring system     -   41 Interface element     -   42 Pump access     -   43 Inlet opening     -   44 Shaft passage     -   44 a Passage hole     -   45 Reagent cover opening     -   46 Retaining ring     -   47 Frame     -   48 Bottom foil     -   49 Blister cover     -   50 Cartridge device 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A cartridge for a measuring system, the cartridge comprising: at least two testing cavities, each testing cavity of the at least two testing cavities being configured to perform a respective test to determine a respective viscoelastic characteristic associated with a respective liquid, each respective test comprising an independent test to determine the respective viscoelastic characteristic associated with the respective liquid; at least two receiving cavities, each receiving cavity of the at least two receiving cavities being configured to receive a respective component used to produce the respective liquid, each receiving cavity being a different structure and being configured to hold at least an amount of the respective component that enables determination of the respective viscoelastic characteristic by testing performed in a respective testing cavity; at least two reagent cavities, each reagent cavity of the at least two reagent cavities being configured to hold at least one respective reagent, each receiving cavity being devoid of reagent prior to receiving the respective component used to produce the respective liquid; and ductwork connecting each respective receiving cavity, each respective reagent cavity, and each respective testing cavity, each of the at least two receiving cavities and each of the at least two reagent cavities being different from the ductwork; wherein: each respective reagent cavity has a larger volume than a portion of the ductwork that has a length equivalent to a length of each respective reagent cavity, the length of each respective reagent cavity being measured along a respective first axis connecting an inlet and an outlet of each respective reagent cavity, each respective receiving cavity has a larger volume than a portion of the ductwork that has a length equivalent to a length of each respective receiving cavity, the length of each respective receiving cavity being measured along a respective second axis that is parallel to the respective first axis, and each respective reagent cavity is between each respective receiving cavity and each respective testing cavity in a respective fluid flow path; wherein each respective reagent cavity is configured to receive the respective component from each respective receiving cavity and to enable mixing of the respective component and the at least one respective reagent to produce the respective liquid; wherein the ductwork comprises (i) first ducts, each respective first duct being fluidically connected between each respective receiving cavity and each respective reagent cavity and (ii) second ducts, each respective second duct being fluidically connected between each respective reagent cavity and each respective testing cavity, the first ducts and the second ducts being parts of respective fluid flow paths from each respective receiving cavity to and through each respective reagent cavity and subsequently to each respective testing cavity; and wherein each receiving cavity is associated with a single testing cavity.
 2. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein the ductwork is configured so that, in response to pressure, the respective component and the at least one respective reagent mix to form the respective liquid during transport.
 3. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein the at least two receiving cavities comprise a first receiving cavity and a second receiving cavity, wherein the at least two testing cavities comprise a first testing cavity and a second testing cavity, and wherein the at least two reagent cavities comprise a first reagent cavity and a second reagent cavity; and wherein respective first ducts are fluidically connected between the first receiving cavity and the first reagent cavity and between the second receiving cavity and the second reagent cavity, and respective second ducts are fluidically connected between the first reagent cavity and the first testing cavity and between the second reagent cavity and the second testing cavity so as to create a single first fluid flow path of the respective fluid flow paths from the first receiving cavity through the first reagent cavity to the first testing cavity and a single second fluid flow path of the respective fluid flow paths from the second receiving cavity through the second reagent cavity to the second testing cavity.
 4. The cartridge of claim 3, wherein different reagents of the at least one respective reagent are positioned in each of the first reagent cavity and the second reagent cavity such that a reagent in the first reagent cavity is different from a reagent in the second reagent cavity.
 5. The cartridge of claim 1, wherein each respective first duct, each respective second duct, each respective receiving cavity, each respective reagent cavity, and each respective testing cavity is part of a single respective fluid flow path configured to transport liquids between each respective receiving cavity and each respective testing cavity.
 6. A system configured to measure viscoelastic characteristics associated with a blood sample, the system comprising: a cartridge comprising: a first receiving cavity configured to receive a first part of the blood sample; a second receiving cavity configured to receive a second part of the blood sample; the second receiving cavity being separate from the first receiving cavity; a first reagent cavity configured to hold at least one first reagent; a second reagent cavity configured to hold at least one second reagent; a first testing cavity configured to hold a first liquid that is based on the first part of the blood sample and the at least one first reagent, the first testing cavity being configured to enable performance of a first viscoelastic test based on the first liquid in the first testing cavity; a second testing cavity configured to hold a second liquid that is based on the second part of the blood sample and the at least one second reagent, the second testing cavity being configured to enable performance of a second viscoelastic test based on the second liquid in the second testing cavity; ductwork comprising: a first duct fluidically connected between the first reagent cavity and the first receiving cavity; a second duct fluidically connected between the first reagent cavity and the first testing cavity; a third duct fluidically connected between the second reagent cavity and the second receiving cavity; a fourth duct fluidically connected between the second reagent cavity and the second testing cavity; the first receiving cavity being associated with a single testing cavity which is the first testing cavity, the first receiving cavity being devoid of reagent prior to receiving the first part of the blood sample, and the first receiving cavity having a larger volume than a portion of the ductwork that has a length equivalent to a length of the first receiving cavity; the first reagent cavity having a larger volume than a portion of the ductwork that has a length equivalent to a length of the first reagent cavity, the length of the first reagent cavity comprising a dimension along a first axis connecting an inlet and an outlet of the first reagent cavity, and the length of the first receiving cavity comprising a dimension that is parallel to the first axis; the second receiving cavity being associated with a single testing cavity which is the second testing cavity, the second receiving cavity being devoid of reagent prior to receiving the second part of the blood sample, and the second receiving cavity having a larger volume than a portion of the ductwork that has a length equivalent to a length of the second receiving cavity; and the second reagent cavity having a larger volume than a portion of the ductwork that has a length equivalent to a length of the second reagent cavity, the length of the second reagent cavity comprising a dimension along a second axis connecting an inlet and an outlet of the second reagent cavity, and the length of the second receiving cavity comprising a dimension that is parallel to the second axis; the at least one first reagent comprising a reagent that is in the first reagent cavity for mixing with the first part of the blood sample; and the at least one second reagent comprising a reagent that is different than the at least one first reagent and that is in the second reagent cavity for mixing with the second part of the blood sample, the first viscoelastic test being independent of the second viscoelastic test.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the at least one first reagent and the at least one second reagent comprise reagent globules configured to dissolve in respective parts of the blood sample.
 8. The system of claim 6, where the at least one first reagent comprises one of: a reagent that interacts with the first part of the blood sample and that is configured to activate coagulation via an intrinsic pathway; a reagent that interacts with the first part of the blood sample and that comprises (i) a reagent or a combination of reagents configured to activate coagulation or (ii) a reagent or a combination of reagents configured to suppress thrombocyte contraction; or a reagent that interacts with the first part of the blood sample and that is configured to activate coagulation via an extrinsic pathway.
 9. The system of claim 6, further comprising: a first pressure-controlled stop to inhibit entry of the first part of the blood sample into the first reagent cavity; and a second pressure-controlled stop to inhibit entry of the second part of the blood sample into the second reagent cavity.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the first pressure-controlled stop comprises a first valve and the second-pressure controlled stop comprise a second valve.
 11. The system of claim 6, wherein the first receiving cavity, the first reagent cavity, the first testing cavity, the first duct, and the second duct are parts of a first fluid flow path; and wherein the second receiving cavity, the second reagent cavity, the second testing cavity, the third duct, and the fourth duct are parts of a second fluid flow path, the first fluid flow path being arranged in parallel to the second fluid flow path.
 12. The system of claim 6, wherein a first fluid flow path through the cartridge comprises a single first fluid flow path associated with both the first receiving cavity and the first testing cavity, the first fluid flow path being configured to transport liquids between the first receiving cavity and the first testing cavity; and wherein a second fluid flow path through the cartridge comprises a single second fluid flow path associated with both the second receiving cavity and the second testing cavity, the second fluid flow path being configured to transport liquids between the second receiving cavity and the second testing cavity.
 13. The system of claim 6, further comprising: a first element arranged relative to the first testing cavity, the first element being configured to measure a viscoelastic characteristic based on the first liquid; and a second element arranged relative to the second testing cavity, the second element being configured to measure a viscoelastic characteristic based on the second liquid.
 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the first element comprises means for measuring the viscoelastic characteristic based on the first liquid; and wherein the second element comprises means for measuring the viscoelastic characteristic based on the second liquid.
 15. A cartridge for a measuring system, the cartridge comprising: testing cavities comprising at least (i) a first testing cavity configured to hold a first liquid that is based on a mixture of first blood and at least one first reagent, the first testing cavity being configured to enable a first viscoelastic test based on the first liquid, and (ii) a second testing cavity configured to hold a second liquid that is based on a mixture of second blood and at least one second reagent, the second testing cavity being configured to enable a second viscoelastic test based on the second liquid, the first viscoelastic test being independent of the second viscoelastic test; flow paths comprising at least (i) a first flow path configured to transport the first liquid to the first testing cavity, the first flow path comprising first ductwork that at least partly enables mixing of the first blood and the at least one first reagent to produce the first liquid, the first ductwork comprising a first duct, and (ii) a second flow path configured to transport the second liquid to the second testing cavity, the second flow path comprising second ductwork that at least partly enables mixing of the second blood and the at least one second reagent to produce the second liquid, the second ductwork comprising a second duct that is separate from the first duct; and wherein the first flow path comprises a first reagent cavity, the first reagent cavity comprising a cavity along the first flow path where the at least one first reagent is deposited, the first reagent being larger in volume than a first portion of the first duct in the first flow path, the first portion having a length equivalent to a length of the first reagent cavity, and the length of the first reagent cavity being measured along a first axis connecting an inlet and an outlet of the first reagent cavity; wherein the second flow path comprises a second reagent cavity, the second reagent cavity comprising a cavity along the second flow path where the at least one second reagent is deposited, the second reagent cavity being larger in volume than a second portion of the second duct in the second flow path, the second portion having a length equivalent to a length of the second reagent cavity, and the length of the second reagent cavity being measured along a second axis connecting an inlet and an outlet of the second reagent cavity; a first receiving cavity configured to receive the first blood, the first receiving cavity being associated with a single testing cavity which is the first testing cavity and the first receiving cavity being devoid of reagent prior to receiving the first blood, the first reagent cavity being configured to receive the first blood from the first receiving cavity, the first receiving cavity having a larger volume than a portion of the first duct that has a length equivalent to a length of the first receiving cavity, and the length of the first receiving cavity being measured along a third axis that is parallel to the first axis; and a second receiving cavity configured to receive the second blood, the second receiving cavity being associated with a single testing cavity which is the second testing cavity and the second receiving cavity being devoid of reagent prior to receiving the second blood, the second reagent cavity being configured to receive the second blood from the second receiving cavity, the second receiving cavity being separate from the first receiving cavity, the second receiving cavity having a larger volume than a portion of the second duct that has a length equivalent to a length of the second receiving cavity, and the length of the second receiving cavity being measured along a fourth axis that is parallel to the second axis.
 16. The cartridge of claim 15, wherein the at least one first reagent comprises one of the following: a reagent that interacts with the first blood and that is configured to activate coagulation via an intrinsic pathway; a reagent that interacts with the first blood and that comprises at least one of (i) a reagent configured to activate coagulation or (ii) a reagent configured to suppress thrombocyte function; or a reagent that interacts with the first blood and that is configured to activate coagulation via an extrinsic pathway, and wherein the at least one second reagent comprises one of the following: a reagent that interacts with the second blood and that is configured to activate coagulation via an intrinsic pathway; a reagent that interacts with the second blood and that comprises at least one of (i) a reagent configured to activate coagulation or (ii) a reagent configured to suppress thrombocyte function; or a reagent that interacts with the second blood and that is configured to activate coagulation via an extrinsic pathway.
 17. The cartridge of claim 15, wherein the first receiving cavity is fluidically connected to a single flow path over which the first liquid is transported to the first testing cavity, the single flow path to which the first receiving cavity is fluidically connected being the first flow path; and wherein the second receiving cavity is fluidically connected to a single flow path over which the second liquid is transported to the second testing cavity, the single flow path to which the second receiving cavity is fluidically connected being the second flow path.
 18. The cartridge of claim 15, wherein the first flow path is configured for connection to a pump to implement pressure changes to control flow of fluids along the first flow path using positive and negative pressure.
 19. The cartridge of claim 15, further comprising: a first pressure-controlled stop to control entry of the first blood from the first ductwork into the first reagent cavity; and a second pressure-controlled stop to control entry of the second blood from the second ductwork into the second reagent cavity.
 20. The cartridge of claim 15, wherein the first flow path is configured so that, in response to pressure, the first blood and the at least one first reagent mix to form the first liquid during transport; and wherein the second flow path is configured so that, in response to pressure, the second blood and the at least one second reagent mix to form the second liquid during transport. 